PSG has now won the prestigious trophy on fourteen separate times.
The Parisian giants required a dramatic leveler followed by a successful spot-kick decider to overcome Marseille in the Gulf and capture a fourth straight French Super Cup title.
The European champions seemed to be sailing towards a straightforward triumph in the showdown between the Ligue 1 winners and the Coupe de France holders after Ousmane Dembele opened the net in the opening stages.
However, Marseille struck two times in the closing moments to seize a surprise advantage. First, the English forward scored from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho inadvertently directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a breathtaking turn of events, Goncalo Ramos snatched a crucial equaliser in the dying moments to send the match into a penalty shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then stood as the hero, saving decisive kicks from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and Desire Doue all scored successfully for PSG to complete a convincing shootout win.
The record champions Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now lifted this trophy for the 12th time in the last thirteen seasons.